机械谈话:舒适
人体有自己的采暖、通风和空调装置。表皮,或皮肤,是它的控制系统。人体内有大量的水,是储存热量或排除热量的一种自然方式。还记得高中的科学课吗?谁还记得人体内水的比例是多少?这个比例是不是高得离谱?当我们听到老师告诉我们的时候,我们都下意识地意识到这不可能。然而,当人体需要温暖时,皮肤的毛孔就会收缩或收缩,从而保持水分,保持温暖。当身体需要降温时,毛孔就会打开,让水分以排汗的形式排出。当汗水蒸发时,热量就会从体内排出,我们就会感到凉爽。 Evaporation requires one of two elements: either the surrounding air must be dry (we call it low humidity) or it must be moving. If either exists, evaporation can occur. In the old days, all cooling was by ventilation and it occurred by means of evaporation. That’s why a convertible in the heat of summer can still be comfortable, even though the temperature is 95 degrees. We do not feel hot because, at 75 miles per hour, there are plenty of breezes to cause the evaporation we need to feel cool... unless, of course, we are parked on the expressway during rush hour.
更复杂的是,还记得那首歌,“嘿,98.6,很高兴你又回来了?”嗯,98.6是正常人体的温度。对吧?___错了吗?这是全国正常人体的平均温度。我的正常值是96.4。你的可能是98.9,甚至100。今天的护士认为96-100度的体温是正常的。
我的妻子说她可以检测到1度温差。在冬天,她在67岁时很舒服,但如果我试图将恒温器沿着65升到65升,以节省能源,她问我最后一次听到炉子跑步。如果人体可以从96-100的常温下,那么你可以设计完美暖通空调让人在98.6度的正常体温下感到舒适的系统。但在同一空间的其他地方,温度可能过高或过低,最高可达2.6度。
另一个问题是我们HVAC系统的响应时间。我们的控制系统内部存在滞后时间。它可以是5到10分钟的任何地方,或者可以以度数(3至5度,给予和服用)定义。没有商业上的系统可以在设定点处的金钱上保持右转。甚至不是直接数字控制系统可以做到这一点。多年前,当我为克拉克工作,摩托车,哈里斯和李,我与一名工程师合作,他们告诉我一个关于Belk的百货商店工作。Belk是蒙西的南方版本。该建筑完成并占用。在开放日,每个人都对这份工作很满意。然而,它被占用后不久,某些员工开始抱怨空间中的温度。 My friend sent the contractor back in to verify that the system was balanced. He discovered that it was all out of whack, so he re-balanced the system at his expense. Furthermore, he installed locking covers over the thermostats to prevent tampering. He left and all were happy. Soon, the same complaints started again, and the contractor was called for service again. He checked and found the system out of balance again. It seems that in the morning, when the ladies would start their shift, they would be chilly so they would adjust the thermostat on the pole nearest them upward. In an adjacent department would be a man who was warm so he turned the thermostat down. It didn’t take long to throw the system out. This time the contractor re-balanced the system, but relocated the real thermostats to the ceiling, about 20 feet in the air. He installed dummy thermostats on EVERY pole in the space. And that ended the complaints. Everyone would adjust their thermostats and swear that the temperature improved immediately.
让我们谈谈在学校的舒适。我们如何在学校的各种空间中实现舒适?首先,什么是舒适?舒适有时被定义为身体与周围环境保持平衡。天气不太热,也不太冷。它刚刚好。供您参考,just right由两部分组成,温度和湿度。在我们的暖通空调业务中,我们总是玩弄这两个元素。简单地说,我们将室内温度降低到低于室外温度,并去除空气中的湿度,让空间的居住者在夏天有一种舒适的感觉。我们将室内温度提高到高于室外温度的程度,以给冬季带来舒适的感觉。
这就是基本概念。现在,进入现实。
事实上,在任何空间的HVAC系统设计中都有超过400个变量。比如房间朝向;外墙上有多少玻璃;玻璃是否着色、反光、隔热或1/4英寸厚;玻璃的发射率是多少;有多少人会占据空间;他们的活动水平;有哪些污染物需要稀释或排出;需要多少百分比的室外空气进行通风;系统有多少资金可用; where the systems can be located; what finishes will be in a space; whether the finishes should be included in the calculations or ignored; what insulation is in the walls, ceiling, and roof; what kind of walls the space has; what kind of system should be used; what the area of the walls and windows are; whether or not we have a plenum return or all the walls go to the deck; how many coffee pots will be in the space; how many computers will be in the space; what other pieces of equipment which give off either heat or moisture will be in the space; how much space is available between the ceiling and the roof or underside of the next floor; and on... and on.... and on.
如果人们因为任何原因离开一个地方,他们会离开多久(例如剧院或小学的休息时间)?在体育综合设施内,该设施是否用于体育赛事以外的用途?事实上,在设计一个舒适的空间系统时,最重要的一个元素就是玻璃。玻璃将面向什么方向;玻璃的面积是多少?它面向哪个方向;它的发射率、颜色、空气空间和反射性是什么?玻璃的两个最重要的元素是它面对的方向和它的面积。
实际上,设计一个空间是不可能的,这样每个人都将永远舒适。必须对舒适的选择是什么选择?通常,在一组办事处,我们根据空间的假设重要性选择系统控制的位置。学校的主管在他的办公室里获得了控制的恒温器。所以,他很舒服,但如果他在一个充满女性的办公室,他们可能不是。因为他是主管,你的建筑师给他一个有两个曝光和每个窗口的角落办公室!然后,让窗户面对南部和西方的事情。机械部门负责人在我曾经工作的公司中的办公室是一个很好的例子。他有南部和西面朝玻璃。全年他使用了便携式风扇来保持他的空间。 Some architect gave this building an abundance of glass. Do we have the pleasure of looking outside through the abundance of glass? Nope, it’s too hot, so we keep the blinds closed all the time on sunny days when you would enjoy looking out or getting natural light. The other factor for us is glare on the computer screens. Again, less glass would be better. In the case of the superintendent, we oversize the air conditioning to meet his need and it is too large for the rest of the space, so it overcools the women in the other offices with just south glass or no glass at all. In addition, his office is under a sloping roof, so we can’t locate the unit serving his space close to his office, and everyone knows the space closest to the unit gets satisfied first, the one furthest away last, and so on and so forth. He cranks the system up so that he, the furthest office from the equipment, is comfortable, and the other offices again freeze. Oh, you say, just give everyone their own unit and then they can have whatever they want. Unfortunately, no client wants room air conditioners hanging out of every window, and neither do you architects, but that would be what it would take to do what you ask. What we do is make a series of compromises for the best overall system, knowing full well that you cannot please all of the people all of the time.
考虑到所有这些,我们很好地跟上了建筑师的步伐,并为您的客户提供了一个舒适的空间,但在您为客户规划拟议空间时,这里有一些事情需要您记住。
1.最大限度地减少南部和西部玻璃。
2.尽量减少南面和西面的玻璃面。
3.尽量减少南面和西面的玻璃面。
4.尽量减少南面和西面的玻璃面。
5.尽量减少南面和西面的玻璃面。
如果你必须有大量的玻璃,让它在首选的北方方向。试着找到大cahooa的办公室在北面,或者有足够的悬垂物遮挡他的窗户。如果这仍然是不可能的,那么你要明白,无论你做什么,你的建筑都会浪费能源,不会获得LEED认证,而且会非常不舒服。
供暖问题也类似;如果你在外墙使用大面积的玻璃,那么我们必须有足够的空间和资金来提供除了常规系统之外的周边供暖系统。在这里,我们想尽量减少朝北的玻璃,因为在冬天,建筑的北侧不会从太阳那里获得热量。
最后,让我们从暖通空调的角度谈谈每个学校员工对新学校的期望。以前房间太热,因为一个不可控的,过时的蒸汽加热系统,现在可能太冷,因为北墙上太多的玻璃和没有周边加热系统。以前用空调制冷的房间太吵,舒适的温度分布不均匀,可能再次受到西墙上太多玻璃的不利影响。员工们希望所有他们对老学校的抱怨都能得到纠正,因为这是一栋新大楼,他们花了很多钱。我们知道不可能解决所有的抱怨。我们将为他们提供最好的、舒适的系统来支付他们所花的钱。我们将尽最大努力,在我们的控制范围内为他们提供最好的部件、最好的设计、最好的结构和一切最好的东西。我们将努力为他们提供一个单独满足他们需求的设计。但是,如果我们未能在新环境中解决他们的舒适问题,无论我们付出了多少努力,无论工作结束时我们有多得意,我们都失败了。我们必须努力满足客户的所有需求。 This means not only providing a space which is aesthetically pleasing, but functional, LEED certified, economical, and comfortable as well.
因此,最后,尽可能减少玻璃或提供额外的美元的机械系统建设和运营成本。

罗伯特眷顾
罗伯特于1972年毕业于辛辛那提大学,获得城市选择机械工程学士学位。他还完成了Bell和Gossett的The Little Red Schoolhouse培训课程,以及Trane和Carrier的暖通空调设计课程。作为工程设计师,他从事了超过35年的积极工作,从事设备能源分析、水质研究、空气质量分析和性能研究。此外,他的直觉判断故障原因的能力也被反复证明。他是一项针对俄亥俄州26个后备军事基地的大规模研究的项目经理,以确定每一个时刻的交叉联系,并建议其补救措施。他的设计包括暖通空调、管道、灌溉、喷泉设计和消防,他的经验包括商业、教育、政府、卫生保健和工业设施。